In stark contrast, the modern Western number system, which is a game-changing advancement brought to Europe by Arabic scholars around the 10th century CE, is a positional base-10 system utilizing a crucial zero placeholder.[1] [2] The classical Roman method is non-positional and relies heavily on additive aggregation (for example, VI=5+1=6).
To convert a Roman numeral to a standard number, we interpret its symbols from left to right: we either add the values or employ the more compact, modern subtractive notation (for example, IV instead of IIII for 4).
The classic Roman system peaks at 3,999, only reaching 3,999,999 through the use of the vinculum (an overline that acts as a ×1,000 multiplier). Try out the conversion tool below to translate your numbers between the different systems! 🧮
Roman Numeral Conversion Tool
*Conversion limit is 4,999,999 (M̅M̅M̅M̅C̅M̅X̅C̅I̅X̅CMXCIX in Traditional and M̅M̅M̅M̅D̅C̅C̅C̅C̅L̅X̅X̅X̅X̅V̅MMMMDCCCCLXXXXVIIII in Classical).
Numeral Comparson Charts
| Roman Numeral Value Chart (Standard & Vinculum) | |
|---|---|
| Roman Numeral | Modern Number |
| Base Numerals (1 - 1,000) | |
| I | 1 |
| V | 5 |
| X | 10 |
| L | 50 |
| C | 100 |
| D | 500 |
| M | 1,000 |
| Vinculum Numerals (x1,000) | |
| I̅ | 1,000 |
| V̅ | 5,000 |
| X̅ | 10,000 |
| L̅ | 50,000 |
| C̅ | 100,000 |
| D̅ | 500,000 |
| M̅ | 1,000,000 |
| Traditional (Subtractive) vs. Classical (Additive) Roman Numerals | ||
|---|---|---|
| Value | Subtractive (Traditional) | Additive (Classical) |
| Base Numerals (1 - 1,000) | ||
| 4 | IV | IIII |
| 9 | IX | VIIII |
| 40 | XL | XXXX |
| 90 | XC | LXXXX |
| 400 | CD | CCCC |
| 900 | CM | DCCCC |
| Vinculum Numerals (x1,000) | ||
| 4,000 | I̅V̅ | I̅I̅I̅I̅ or MMMM |
| 9,000 | I̅X̅ | V̅MMMM |
| 40,000 | X̅L̅ | X̅X̅X̅X̅ |
| 90,000 | X̅C̅ | L̅X̅X̅X̅X̅ |
| 400,000 | C̅D̅ | C̅C̅C̅C̅ |
| 900,000 | C̅M̅ | D̅C̅C̅C̅C̅ |
| 4,000,000 | I̅V̅ [Nonstandard] | M̅M̅M̅M̅ |
For information other ciphers and topics:
Pager Code Look Alike Cipher Tool: This is the full 26-letter system that uses visual tricks with numbers for every letter from the 1990's before texting. This cipher will translate messages into this OG secret messaging. [Try out this cipher tool on your own messages.]
Beeper Codes: Need a super-fast message? These are simple, standardized three-digit messages used as quick status updates (e.g., 143 for "I love you"). [View the Beeper Code Dictionary]
The Spartan Secret: Encrypt Messages with the Scytale Cipher: Use one of the earliest codes to be employed in the World! [Scytale Cipher Tool]
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